Wireless 3D Surgical Navigation and Tracking System With 100?m Accuracy Using Magnetic-Field Gradient-Based Localization

This paper describes a high-resolution 3D navigation and tracking system using magnetic field gradients, that can replace X-Ray fluoroscopy in high-precision surgeries. Monotonically varying fields X, Y Z directions are created the field-of-view (FOV) to produce which encode each spatial point uniquely. Highly miniaturized, wireless battery-less devices, capable of measuring their local field, designed sense gradient field. One such device be attached an implant inside body another surgical tool, both simultaneously measure communicate at respective locations external receiver. The relative location two devices on real-time display enable precise without X-Rays. A prototype is consisting micro-chip fabricated 65nm CMOS technology, sensor inductor-coil. Planar electromagnetic coils for creating gradients 20×20×10cm 3 scalable FOV. Unambiguous orientation-independent encoding achieved by: (i) total magnitude instead only Z-component; (ii) combination correct non-linearity non-monotonicity X gradients. resultant FOV yield ?90% utilization coil-span. tested vitro demonstrate localization accuracy <; 100 ? m 3D, highest reported best our knowledge.